All of our activities of daily living depend on having sufficient muscle power to carry them out, from actions demanding high levels of power such as getting up from the ground to fine actions such as writing and typing. Loss of sensibility can be more disabling than loss of muscle power but loss of strength is important as it interferes with independent living, especially when we are older and find it difficult to rise from a chair or to climb stairs. There may be many reasons for loss of muscle power including neurological illness or stroke, joint pain, lack of use, trauma or illness and disease. Assessment of muscle strength and the progressive strengthening of muscles is a core physiotherapy skill.
Physiotherapists use the Oxford Scale to assess and grade muscle power when a patient's condition suggests this is necessary. A detailed knowledge of muscle anatomy is needed so that the muscle and its tendon can be located accurately and the correct action assessed. The Oxford Scale is a 0-5 scale which is then recorded as 0/5 or 3/5, sometimes with a + or " sign to indicate more or less power but not sufficient to reduce or increase the number. The physiotherapist will position the patient in the appropriate posture to allow accurate assessment and allow good vision and palpation of the appropriate structures.
Grade 0 is no action discernable in the muscle at all, with the physiotherapist palpating the muscle belly or tendon as the patient attempts to perform the activity several times. Grade 1 is a twitch as the muscle undergoes a small contraction but is not strong enough to perform any of its specified joint movement. Grade 2 indicates a muscle strong enough to perform its designated joint movement when the force of gravity is eliminated, making it much easier to perform. The joint must be accurately positioned for this to be tested correctly. Grade 3 is a muscle strong enough to perform the joint action to the full range against gravity but with no resistance applied. An example here would be lifting the arm above the head.
To be rated as 4/5 on the Oxford Scale a muscle must be able to move its joint through full range against resistance and gravity. The physiotherapist will decide what degree of resistance is reasonable for this test, bearing in mind the characteristics of the patient such as age, sex, activity levels and medical status. The normal rating of 5/5 is given only when the muscle can move the joint painlessly to the extent that the tester feels is entirely adequate, given the personal status of the patient. Full power for a younger, strong man will be very different for a child or old person.
If the patient can raise their arm up above the head to some extent but not very strongly nor to full range, the physiotherapist might grade that as 3/5 for the deltoid muscle but because it is not full it might be rated 3-/5. If the muscle will take good manual resistance but does not appear to be normal for that patient then the grading could be 4+/5. This grading scale allows the physiotherapist to test all the appropriate muscles and record them in the patient's notes, enabling progress to be charted against time as the strength improves. This can be very useful in tracking the progress of patients recoveries or recording their neurological status such as in spinal cord injury.
Physiotherapists begin muscle strengthening techniques in a position where gravity is eliminated, allowing a weak muscle to be repetitively exercised. As the patient's ability increases they can perform more functional activities of daily life which strengthens the muscles in a co-ordinated way which reflects normality. Next, resistance against muscle action is increased as muscle strength improves in response to the level of intensity of resistance and not just repetition. High intensity causes muscle fibre breakdown which repairs with increased size and power until the next intensity workout repeats the process. Progression is then moved to functional exercise with bodyweight resistance as dynamic movement is more useful. - 14130
Physiotherapists use the Oxford Scale to assess and grade muscle power when a patient's condition suggests this is necessary. A detailed knowledge of muscle anatomy is needed so that the muscle and its tendon can be located accurately and the correct action assessed. The Oxford Scale is a 0-5 scale which is then recorded as 0/5 or 3/5, sometimes with a + or " sign to indicate more or less power but not sufficient to reduce or increase the number. The physiotherapist will position the patient in the appropriate posture to allow accurate assessment and allow good vision and palpation of the appropriate structures.
Grade 0 is no action discernable in the muscle at all, with the physiotherapist palpating the muscle belly or tendon as the patient attempts to perform the activity several times. Grade 1 is a twitch as the muscle undergoes a small contraction but is not strong enough to perform any of its specified joint movement. Grade 2 indicates a muscle strong enough to perform its designated joint movement when the force of gravity is eliminated, making it much easier to perform. The joint must be accurately positioned for this to be tested correctly. Grade 3 is a muscle strong enough to perform the joint action to the full range against gravity but with no resistance applied. An example here would be lifting the arm above the head.
To be rated as 4/5 on the Oxford Scale a muscle must be able to move its joint through full range against resistance and gravity. The physiotherapist will decide what degree of resistance is reasonable for this test, bearing in mind the characteristics of the patient such as age, sex, activity levels and medical status. The normal rating of 5/5 is given only when the muscle can move the joint painlessly to the extent that the tester feels is entirely adequate, given the personal status of the patient. Full power for a younger, strong man will be very different for a child or old person.
If the patient can raise their arm up above the head to some extent but not very strongly nor to full range, the physiotherapist might grade that as 3/5 for the deltoid muscle but because it is not full it might be rated 3-/5. If the muscle will take good manual resistance but does not appear to be normal for that patient then the grading could be 4+/5. This grading scale allows the physiotherapist to test all the appropriate muscles and record them in the patient's notes, enabling progress to be charted against time as the strength improves. This can be very useful in tracking the progress of patients recoveries or recording their neurological status such as in spinal cord injury.
Physiotherapists begin muscle strengthening techniques in a position where gravity is eliminated, allowing a weak muscle to be repetitively exercised. As the patient's ability increases they can perform more functional activities of daily life which strengthens the muscles in a co-ordinated way which reflects normality. Next, resistance against muscle action is increased as muscle strength improves in response to the level of intensity of resistance and not just repetition. High intensity causes muscle fibre breakdown which repairs with increased size and power until the next intensity workout repeats the process. Progression is then moved to functional exercise with bodyweight resistance as dynamic movement is more useful. - 14130
About the Author:
Jonathan Blood Smyth is a Superintendent Physiotherapist at an NHS hospital in the South-West of the UK. He specialises in orthopaedic conditions and looking after joint replacements as well as managing chronic pain. Visit the website he edits if you are looking for physiotherapists in London.
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