Golfer's elbow is also known as medial epicondylitis and is the less common sister condition of tennis elbow, both conditions sharing the tendon degenerative nature without inflammation. They are referred to as tendinopathies due to the pathological changes which occur inside the tendon without an inflammatory process. Not just occurring in golfers, golfer's elbow also appears in racquet sports, cricket bowling, weightlifting and archery.
The muscles which flex and rotate the forearm originate over the medial epicondyle, the bony prominence on the inside of the elbow, with the tendon anchored into the bone by the tendinous insertion. The pain occurs close to this and may be due to a degenerative process occurring in the tendon, as little inflammation has been noted in these cases.
The flexor tendons are put under stress by activities which force the forearm outwards away from the body and these stresses occur as the wrist is cocked prior to throwing, in the early acceleration of the throw and in the golf swing from high backswing to just before the ball is hit. The dominant hand is affected in golfers and in tennis players those who impart a heavy topspin to the ball are more likely to suffer.
Golfer's elbow is the most common cause of pain over the inside of the elbow and less common than tennis elbow. Twice as many men are affected as women, with people being affected initially mostly in their twenties to their forties. Golfer's elbow presents in the dominant hand in 60% of occurrences, with 30% of sufferers reporting a sudden and painful onset, the remainder having a slow onset.
Pain and ache over the front of the medial epicondyle is the typical symptom, worse with repeated flexion of the wrist and improved with resting. Shoulder, elbow, forearm or hand pain can occur, with weakness or pins and needles in the lower arm. Physiotherapy examination includes the bony tendon insertions, the elbow joints and the muscles, with palpation of the "funny bone" area behind the elbow where the ulnar nerve lies. Nerve involvement can give weakness in the forearm muscles and sensory symptoms, so an exclusion neurological examination is performed by the physio.
The main treatment of golfer's elbow is conservative, including anti-inflammatories, wrist and forearm splinting, corticosteroid injection and physiotherapy. Modifying the provoking activity is a first line of management, making patient education about the condition and the eliciting factors vital. An example is modifying the golf swing mechanics to avoid setting the problem off continually. The patient is taught to avoid aggravating positions and activities, such as leaning on the elbow if there is nerve involvement.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used by physios in the initial acute phase to reduce pain and inflammation along with avoiding painful movements, use of ice, gentle stretches, friction massage and ultrasound. As the problem settles and becomes sub acute the aims change to improving flexibility by stretching, increasing strength and normal activities. A forearm brace may also be used or a wrist brace to rest the wrist muscles. Once the problem is chronic the programme continues with reduced use of the splint and re-introduction of sporting activities.
Doctors inject corticosteroid medication into the sites of chronic golfer's elbow but this treatment appears to be more useful in the earlier, acute cases. Other therapies, such as shockwave or laser, have been used but do not seem to be effective. Once physio has been attempted for some time without improvement then a surgical approach may be considered, cutting out the abnormal tissue from the tendon. The ulnar nerve can be transposed around to the front of the joint from its position in the groove posteriorly.
Correction of sporting technique, such as the golf swing, is best achieved by engaging a professional instructor who can also advise on stretches, fitness work and muscle strengthening. Athletes should warm up well before sport and stretch effectively afterwards, choosing good technique and selection of appropriate equipment. Doctors and physiotherapists may need to monitor patients, especially athletes, very carefully as they tend to continue to perform through the pain. - 14130
The muscles which flex and rotate the forearm originate over the medial epicondyle, the bony prominence on the inside of the elbow, with the tendon anchored into the bone by the tendinous insertion. The pain occurs close to this and may be due to a degenerative process occurring in the tendon, as little inflammation has been noted in these cases.
The flexor tendons are put under stress by activities which force the forearm outwards away from the body and these stresses occur as the wrist is cocked prior to throwing, in the early acceleration of the throw and in the golf swing from high backswing to just before the ball is hit. The dominant hand is affected in golfers and in tennis players those who impart a heavy topspin to the ball are more likely to suffer.
Golfer's elbow is the most common cause of pain over the inside of the elbow and less common than tennis elbow. Twice as many men are affected as women, with people being affected initially mostly in their twenties to their forties. Golfer's elbow presents in the dominant hand in 60% of occurrences, with 30% of sufferers reporting a sudden and painful onset, the remainder having a slow onset.
Pain and ache over the front of the medial epicondyle is the typical symptom, worse with repeated flexion of the wrist and improved with resting. Shoulder, elbow, forearm or hand pain can occur, with weakness or pins and needles in the lower arm. Physiotherapy examination includes the bony tendon insertions, the elbow joints and the muscles, with palpation of the "funny bone" area behind the elbow where the ulnar nerve lies. Nerve involvement can give weakness in the forearm muscles and sensory symptoms, so an exclusion neurological examination is performed by the physio.
The main treatment of golfer's elbow is conservative, including anti-inflammatories, wrist and forearm splinting, corticosteroid injection and physiotherapy. Modifying the provoking activity is a first line of management, making patient education about the condition and the eliciting factors vital. An example is modifying the golf swing mechanics to avoid setting the problem off continually. The patient is taught to avoid aggravating positions and activities, such as leaning on the elbow if there is nerve involvement.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used by physios in the initial acute phase to reduce pain and inflammation along with avoiding painful movements, use of ice, gentle stretches, friction massage and ultrasound. As the problem settles and becomes sub acute the aims change to improving flexibility by stretching, increasing strength and normal activities. A forearm brace may also be used or a wrist brace to rest the wrist muscles. Once the problem is chronic the programme continues with reduced use of the splint and re-introduction of sporting activities.
Doctors inject corticosteroid medication into the sites of chronic golfer's elbow but this treatment appears to be more useful in the earlier, acute cases. Other therapies, such as shockwave or laser, have been used but do not seem to be effective. Once physio has been attempted for some time without improvement then a surgical approach may be considered, cutting out the abnormal tissue from the tendon. The ulnar nerve can be transposed around to the front of the joint from its position in the groove posteriorly.
Correction of sporting technique, such as the golf swing, is best achieved by engaging a professional instructor who can also advise on stretches, fitness work and muscle strengthening. Athletes should warm up well before sport and stretch effectively afterwards, choosing good technique and selection of appropriate equipment. Doctors and physiotherapists may need to monitor patients, especially athletes, very carefully as they tend to continue to perform through the pain. - 14130
About the Author:
Jonathan Blood Smyth is a Superintendent Physiotherapist at an NHS hospital in the South-West of the UK. He focuses on orthopaedic conditions and looking after joint replacements as well as managing chronic pain. Visit the website he edits if you are looking for Physiotherapists in Twickenham.
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